* {
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

body {
    font-family: 'Mukta Vaani';
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: #333;
    background-color: #f4f4f4;
}

header {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 0px;
    background-color: #303360;
    color: white;
    gap: 50px;
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    z-index: 100;
    overflow: visible;
}

.header-title {
    font-size: 15px;
    letter-spacing: 2px;
}

.issn-text {
    font-size: 14px;
}

/* Keep ISSN links the same color as surrounding text and remove underline */
.issn-text a {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}
.issn-text a:hover {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

/* Stronger ISSN hover: pop-out, glow and lift */
.issn-text a span {
    display: inline-block;
    transition: transform .18s cubic-bezier(.2,.9,.2,1), box-shadow .18s ease, background .18s ease;
    will-change: transform, box-shadow;
    position: relative;
}
.issn-text a:hover span,
.issn-text a span:hover {
    transform: translateY(-8px) scale(1.06) !important;
    box-shadow: 0 30px 60px rgba(2,6,23,0.16) !important;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.06) !important;
    z-index: 9999 !important;
}

.mobile-issn {
    display: none;
}

.header-items {
    width: 25%;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    /* background-color: yellow; */
}

.header-items img {
    width: 80px;
    height: 100px;
    cursor: pointer;
}


.header-items svg {
    width: 35px;
    height: 35px;
    margin-left: 0;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.hamburger-icon {
    display: none;
}

.logo-text {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    line-height: 1;
    cursor: pointer;
    margin-left: 0px;
}

nav {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    height: 90px;
    /* background-color: #7c87ad; */
    margin-top: 6rem;
}

nav ul {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    flex-wrap: nowrap;
    min-width: fit-content;
}

nav li {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 10px 15px;
}



nav p {
    list-style: none;
    margin: 10px 20px;
    font-weight: bold;
}

nav li a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #333;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 2px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    hyphens: none;
    overflow-wrap: normal;
    word-break: keep-all;
}

nav li a:hover {
    color: #41468d;
}

nav ul li a svg {
    width: 15px;
    height: 15px;
}

.active {
    color: #303360;
    font-weight: bold;
}

/* Dropdown Styles */
.dropdown {
    position: relative;
}

.dropdown-menu {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    background-color: white;
    min-width: 210px;
    box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
    z-index: 1000;
    list-style: none;
    padding: 10px 0;
    margin: 0;
    border-radius: 4px;
    border-top: 3px solid #303360;
}

.dropdown.active-dropdown .dropdown-menu {
    display: block;
}

.dropdown-menu li {
    margin: 0 !important;
    width: 100%;
}

.dropdown-menu li a {
    color: #333;
    padding: 8px 20px;
    display: block;
    text-align: left;
    justify-content: flex-start;
    font-size: 14px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    transition: background 0.2s;
}

.dropdown-menu li a:hover {
    background-color: #f1f1f1;
    color: #303360;
    padding-left: 25px;
}

.dropdown>a svg {
    transition: transform 0.3s;
}

.dropdown.active-dropdown>a svg {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
}

.nav-right {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 10px;
    background-color: #ce6738;
    height: 90px;
    width: 250px;
}

.nav-right:hover {
    background-color: #d47143ee;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.nav-item {
    height: 80px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    flex: 1 1 auto; /* allow items to grow and shrink, avoid fixed width */
    min-width: 0; /* prevent overflow issues */
    /* background-color: aqua; */
}

.nav-left {
    flex: 0 0 20%;
}

.manuscript-link {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: flex-end;
    height: 80px;
    width: 250px;
}

.manuscript-link:hover {
    cursor: pointer;
}

.nav-right p {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: white;
}

.homepage-hero {
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-height: 56vh;
    padding: 58px 20px 48px;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #0d1735 0%, #144874 56%, #1d5ea0 100%);
    color: white;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.page-header-bar {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    padding: 0;
    min-height: auto;
    width: calc(100% + 48px);
    margin-left: -24px;
    background-image: url("../images/pattern_njeru.fc63f50ff9bf.svg"), linear-gradient(180deg, #0d1735 0%, #144874 60%, #1d5ea0 100%);
    background-repeat: repeat, no-repeat;
    background-size: 560px 560px, cover;
    background-position: center center, center center;
    color: white;
    border-radius: 0;
    box-shadow: none;
}

.page-header-bar h1 {
    flex: 1;
    font-size: clamp(2rem, 2.5vw, 2.6rem);
    margin: 20px 0;
    line-height: 1.05;
    text-align: center;
    color: #ffffff;
}

.page-header-bar .back-button img {
    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

.page-header-bar .back-button {
    flex: none;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 640px) {
    .page-header-bar {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: 10px;
        padding: 12px 16px;
        width: 100%;
        margin-left: 0;
    }

    .page-header-bar h1 {
        font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 6vw, 2rem);
        text-align: left;
    }
}

.homepage-hero::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image: var(--hero-pattern), radial-gradient(circle at 15% 20%, rgba(255,255,255,0.06), transparent 14%), radial-gradient(circle at 85% 10%, rgba(255,255,255,0.04), transparent 10%);
    background-repeat: repeat, no-repeat, no-repeat;
    background-size: cover, 520px 520px, 420px 420px;
    /* pattern starts at 0, others centered; animate the pattern layer only */
    background-position: 0 0, center center, center center;
    opacity: 0.22;
    z-index: 1;
    pointer-events: none;
    /* faster, alternate and eased movement for smooth drifting */
    animation: pattern-drift 28s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
}

/* subtle hotspot breathing overlay to create a connecting, breathing effect */
.homepage-hero::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
    background: radial-gradient(ellipse at 24% 30%, rgba(255,255,255,0.06), rgba(255,255,255,0) 35%);
    mix-blend-mode: overlay;
    opacity: 0.05;
    z-index: 2;
    will-change: opacity, transform, background-position;
    animation: hotspot-breathe 4s ease-in-out infinite;
}

@keyframes pattern-drift {
    0% { background-position: 0 0, center center, center center; }
    50% { background-position: 260px 24px, center center, center center; }
    100% { background-position: -40px -18px, center center, center center; }
}

@keyframes hotspot-breathe {
    0% { opacity: 0.03; transform: translate(0,0) scale(1); }
    50% { opacity: 0.10; transform: translate(6px,-6px) scale(1.02); }
    100% { opacity: 0.03; transform: translate(0,0) scale(1); }
}

.homepage-hero>* {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
}

.hero-inner {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: minmax(240px, 280px) minmax(520px, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1240px;
    align-items: center;
}

.hero-cover {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.hero-cover img {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 260px;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
    border-radius: 12px;
    object-fit: contain;
    box-shadow: 0 24px 65px rgba(0,0,0,0.24);
}

.hero-copy {
    max-width: 900px;
}

.hero-title-line {
    display: block;
    /* responsive font so main title shrinks before wrapping */
    font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 3.6vw, 2.8rem);
    font-weight: 800;
    line-height: 1.02;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.hero-title-brand {
    display: block;
    margin-top: 6px;
    /* keep brand same family/weight and scale proportionally for visibility */
   font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 3.6vw, 2.8rem);
    font-weight: 800;
    line-height: 1.02;
    white-space: nowrap;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.95);
}

.hero-eyebrow {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 6px 14px;
    border-radius: 999px;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);
    color: #f9fcff;
    font-size: 0.74rem;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.homepage-hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.6rem, 5vw, 3.6rem);
    line-height: 1.02;
    max-width: 860px;
    margin: 0;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    color: #ffffff;
}

.hero-title-desc {
    margin-top: 18px;
    max-width: 760px;
    font-size: 1.12rem;
    line-height: 1.88;
    color: rgba(255,255,255,0.92);
}

.hero-actions {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 14px;
    margin-top: 22px;
}

.button {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-width: 150px;
    padding: 13px 24px;
    border-radius: 999px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 0.96rem;
    transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background-color 0.2s ease;
}

.button:hover {
    transform: translateY(-1px);
}

.button-primary {
    background: #ff7a1a;
    color: #ffffff;
    box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(255,122,26,0.24);
}

.button-primary:hover {
    background: #ff8a36;
}

.button-secondary {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);
    color: #ffffff;
    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3);
}

.button-secondary:hover {
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);
}

.hero-title-brand {
    font-family: inherit;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: none;
    letter-spacing: 0.02em;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 960px) {
        .homepage-hero {
        padding: 48px 18px 40px;
    }

    .hero-inner {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 22px;
        max-width: 1000px;
    }

    .hero-cover img {
        max-width: 220px;
        box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
    }

    .hero-copy {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .homepage-hero h1 {
        font-size: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 2.8rem);
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .hero-title-desc {
        max-width: 100%;
        font-size: 1rem;
        line-height: 1.7;
    }

    .hero-eyebrow {
        font-size: 0.72rem;
        padding: 5px 12px;
        margin-bottom: 14px;
    }

    .button {
        min-width: 140px;
        padding: 12px 20px;
        font-size: 0.9rem;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 640px) {
    .homepage-hero {
        padding: 40px 16px 32px;
    }

    .hero-inner {
        justify-items: center;
    }

    .hero-cover {
        justify-content: center;
    }

    .hero-cover img {
        max-width: 180px;
        margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .homepage-hero h1 {
        font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 8vw, 2.3rem);
        text-align: center;
    }

    .hero-title-desc {
        font-size: 0.96rem;
        line-height: 1.65;
        text-align: center;
        margin-left: auto;
        margin-right: auto;
    }

    .hero-eyebrow {
        justify-content: center;
    }

    .hero-actions {
        gap: 12px;
        margin-top: 18px;
        justify-content: center;
    }

    .button {
        min-width: 130px;
        padding: 11px 18px;
        font-size: 0.88rem;
    }
}

.latest-edition {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    position: relative;
    margin-top: 40px;
    z-index: 2;
    width: 100%;
}

.latest-edition img {
    height: 250px;
}

.latest-edition img:hover {
    cursor: pointer;
}

.edition-issue {
    margin-top: 20px;
    font-size: 15px;
}

.edition-volume {
    margin: 0;
    font-size: 25px;
}

.edition-volume b {
    font-size: 25px;
    margin: 0;
}

.articles-header {
    text-decoration: underline 3px #303360;
    margin-top: 30px;
    justify-items: center;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: bold;
    letter-spacing: 6px;
    text-underline-offset: 5px;
}

.journal-scope-section {
    margin-top: 50px;
    margin-bottom: 60px;
}

.journal-scope-header {
    text-decoration: underline 2px #303360;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
    justify-items: center;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 3px;
    text-underline-offset: 6px;
    text-align: center;
    color: #333;
}

.journal-scope-header p {
    margin: 0;
}

.scope-container {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    margin: 0 40px;
}

.scope-content {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1400px;
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
    padding: 50px 60px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}

.scope-intro {
    font-size: 17px;
    color: #333;
    margin-bottom: 30px;
    line-height: 1.7;
    font-weight: 400;
    text-align: left;
    padding-left: 20px;
    border-left: 3px solid #303360;
    font-style: italic;
}

.scope-topics {
    margin: 25px 0;
}

.topics-preview {
    font-size: 15px;
    color: #666;
    line-height: 1.8;
    text-align: left;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    padding: 15px;
    background: #f8f9fa;
    border-radius: 4px;
    border-left: 3px solid #303360;
}

.topics-full {
    animation: slideDown 0.5s ease-out;
    overflow: hidden;
}

@keyframes slideDown {
    from {
        opacity: 0;
        max-height: 0;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
    }
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        max-height: 800px;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

.topics-list {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(180px, 1fr));
    gap: 15px 25px;
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

/* For larger screens, use more columns */
@media screen and (min-width: 1200px) {
    .topics-list {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    }
}

.topics-list li {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: #444;
    padding: 8px 0;
    position: relative;
    padding-left: 20px;
    transition: color 0.2s ease;
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.topics-list li:before {
    content: "•";
    color: #303360;
    font-weight: bold;
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    top: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.topics-list li:hover {
    color: #303360;
}

.read-more-btn {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 30px;
    padding: 16px 40px;
    background: #303360;
    color: white;
    border: 2px solid #303360;
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 10px;
    border-radius: 0;
}

.read-more-btn:hover {
    background: #404878;
    border-color: #404878;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(48, 51, 96, 0.2);
}

.read-more-btn:active {
    transform: translateY(0);
}

.toggle-icon {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: bold;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.read-more-btn.expanded .toggle-icon {
    transform: rotate(180deg);
}

.articles {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    margin: 30px;
    gap: 30px;
}

.articles-sections {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: flex-start;
    border: 1px solid #4d4d4d;
    height: 400px;
    width: 350px;
    padding: 10px 40px;
    gap: 0px;
    position: relative;
    color: black;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.articles-sections:hover {
    cursor: pointer;
    color: white;
}

.article-color {
    width: 20px;
    height: 400px;
    background-color: #303360ee;
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    transition: width 0.4s ease;
    z-index: -1;
}

.articles-sections:hover .article-color {
    cursor: pointer;
    width: 100%;
    color: white;
}

.articles-sections b {
    font-size: 20px;
    margin-top: 10px;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    width: 15rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    width: 100%;
}

.articles-sections .article-volume {
    font-size: 14px;
}

.articles-sections .article-volume b {
    font-size: 14px;
}

.article-info {
    margin-top: 10px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: flex-start;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 10px;
    font-size: 12px;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.article-info p {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: flex-start;
    justify-content: center;
}

.article-info-title {
    margin-right: 10px;
    text-align: left;
    /* background-color: #ce6738; */
    width: 60px;
}

.open-access-info {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    margin: 100px;
    margin-bottom: 50px;
}

.open-journal-header {
    text-decoration: underline 3px #303360;
    justify-items: center;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: bold;
    letter-spacing: 6px;
    text-underline-offset: 5px;
}

.open-journal-text {
    margin-top: 20px;
    text-align: center;
    width: 50vw;
}

/* Footer Styles */
footer {
    background-color: #303360;
    color: white;
    padding: 40px 0 20px;
    margin-top: 50px;
}

.footer-content {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-around;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 20px;
}

.footer-section {
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 250px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.footer-section h3 {
    font-size: 18px;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
    border-bottom: 2px solid #ce6738;
    display: inline-block;
    padding-bottom: 5px;
}

.footer-section p {
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.6;
}

.footer-section ul {
    list-style: none;
}

.footer-section ul li {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.footer-section ul li a {
    color: white;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 14px;
    transition: color 0.3s;
}

.footer-section ul li a:hover {
    color: #ce6738;
    padding-left: 5px;
}

.footer-bottom {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 20px;
    padding-top: 20px;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    font-size: 13px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {
    header {
        width: 100%;
        height: 70px;
        justify-content: space-between;
        padding: 0 20px;
    }

    .header-title {
        display: none;
    }

    .header-items:not(.hamburger-icon) svg {
        display: none;
    }

    .header-items {
        width: auto;
    }

    .header-item-left {
        width: 200px;
        margin-left: 10px;
    }

    .hamburger-icon {
        display: flex !important;
        cursor: pointer;
    }

    .hamburger-icon svg {
        display: block !important;
        width: 28px;
        height: 28px;
        margin: 0;
    }

    .header-items img {
        width: 45px;
        height: 50px;
        margin: 0;
    }

    .header-item-left {
        justify-content: left;
    }

    .logo-text {
       display: none;
    }

    nav {
        display: none;
        flex-direction: column;
        position: fixed;
        top: 70px;
        left: 0;
        width: 100vw;
        height: calc(100vh - 70px);
        background-color: #ffffff;
        padding: 0;
        box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
        z-index: 99;
        margin-top: 0;
        overflow-y: auto;
        overflow-x: hidden;
        transition: transform 0.28s ease, opacity 0.28s ease;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
        opacity: 0;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
    }

    nav.nav-active {
        display: flex !important;
        transform: translateY(0);
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .desktop-issn {
        display: none;
    }

    .mobile-issn {
        display: block;
        text-align: left;
        padding: 12px 20px;
        color: #999;
        border-top: 1px solid #eee;
        margin-top: auto;
        font-size: 12px;
        text-transform: uppercase;
        letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }

    nav ul {
        flex-direction: column;
        width: 100vw;
        padding: 0;
        margin: 0;
        justify-content: flex-start;
        overflow: visible;
    }

    nav ul.nav-center {
        flex-direction: column;
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0;
        margin: 0;
    }

    nav li {
        margin: 0 !important;
        width: 100vw;
        text-align: left;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
        flex-shrink: 0 !important;
    }

    nav li p {
        margin: 0;
        padding: 10px 20px;
        font-weight: 700;
        color: #555;
        font-size: 13px;
        text-transform: uppercase;
        letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    nav li a {
        justify-content: flex-start;
        padding: 14px 20px;
        font-size: 15px;
        transition: background-color 0.2s, padding-left 0.2s;
        width: 100%;
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
    }

    nav li a:hover {
        background-color: #f0f4ff;
        padding-left: 24px;
    }

    nav li.dropdown > a {
        font-weight: 700;
        width: 100%;
    }

    nav li.dropdown > a svg {
        display: none !important;
    }

    .nav-item {
        width: 100vw;
        height: auto;
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        flex: none;
    }

    .nav-left {
        display: none !important;
    }

    .nav-center {
        width: 100vw;
        flex: 1;
        order: 1;
    }

    .nav-right,
    .manuscript-link {
        width: 100vw;
        justify-content: flex-start;
        padding: 0;
        margin: 0;
        height: auto;
        order: 2;
        border-top: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
    }
    
    .manuscript-link {
        margin-top: 2px;
        border-top: none;
    }
    
    .manuscript-link p {
        padding: 14px 20px;
        margin: 0;
        font-weight: 600;
        font-size: 15px;
        color: white;
    }

    .dropdown-menu {
        position: static;
        transform: none;
        box-shadow: none;
        border-top: none;
        border-left: 3px solid #303360;
        width: 100vw;
        background-color: #f9f9f9;
        max-height: 0;
        overflow: hidden;
        transition: max-height 0.28s ease;
        display: block;
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
    }

    .dropdown.active-dropdown .dropdown-menu {
        max-height: 1000px;
    }

    .dropdown-menu li {
        margin: 0 !important;
        width: 100vw;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
    }

    .dropdown-menu li a {
        padding: 11px 20px 11px 32px;
        margin: 0;
        font-size: 14px;
        width: 100vw;
        color: #555;
    }

    .dropdown-menu li a:hover {
        padding-left: 36px;
        background-color: #f0f4ff;
    }
    
    .dropdown-menu li p {
        padding: 9px 20px 9px 32px;
        margin: 0;
        font-weight: 700;
        color: #444;
        font-size: 12px;
        text-transform: uppercase;
        letter-spacing: 0.4px;
    }

    .homepage-hero {
        margin-top: 0;
        height: auto;
        min-height: auto;
        padding: 48px 18px 36px;
    }

    .hero-inner {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 22px;
    }

    .homepage-hero h1 {
        text-align: left;
        width: 100%;
        font-size: 2rem;
        margin-top: 0;
    }

    .hero-title-desc {
        width: 100%;
        font-size: 0.98rem;
        margin-top: 16px;
        text-align: left;
    }

    .hero-cover {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .articles {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
        margin-top: 50px;
        gap: 30px;
    }

    .articles-sections {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        border: 1px solid #4d4d4d;
        height: 400px;
        width: 350px;
        padding: 10px 40px;
        position: relative;
        color: black;
        cursor: pointer;
    }


    .latest-edition {
        position: relative;
        bottom: 0;
        margin-top: 20px;
    }

    .articles-header {
        margin-top: 30px;
    }

    /* Responsive Journal Scope Styles */
    .journal-scope-section {
        margin-top: 50px;
        margin-bottom: 40px;
    }

    .scope-container {
        margin: 0 15px;
    }

    .scope-content {
        padding: 30px 25px;
        border: 1px solid #f0f0f0;
    }

    .scope-intro {
        font-size: 15px;
        margin-bottom: 25px;
        text-align: left;
        padding-left: 15px;
        border-left: 2px solid #303360;
    }

    .topics-preview {
        font-size: 14px;
        text-align: left;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
        padding: 12px;
        background: #f8f9fa;
        border-left: 2px solid #303360;
    }

    .topics-list {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px 15px;
    }

    .topics-list li {
        font-size: 13px;
        padding: 6px 0;
        padding-left: 18px;
    }

    .read-more-btn {
        padding: 14px 30px;
        font-size: 14px;
        margin-top: 25px;
    }
}

/* Journal Indexes Section */
.journal-indexes {
    background-color: #fff;
    padding: 40px 0;
    margin-top: 50px;
    border-top: 1px solid #eee;
    text-align: center;
}

.indexes-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 20px;
}

.indexes-title {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #303360;
    margin-bottom: 30px;
    letter-spacing: 4px;
    position: relative;
    display: inline-block;
}

.indexes-title::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -8px;
    left: 10%;
    width: 80%;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #ce6738;
}

.indexes-grid {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 40px;
}

.index-item {
    display: block;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease, filter 0.05s ease;
    filter: grayscale(10%);
    opacity: 0.7;
}

.index-item:hover {
    transform: scale(1.1);
    filter: grayscale(0%);
    opacity: 1;
}

.index-item img {
    max-height: 60px;
    max-width: 180px;
    object-fit: contain;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 720px) {
    .journal-indexes {
        padding: 30px 0;
    }

    .indexes-grid {
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .index-item img {
        max-height: 40px;
        max-width: 120px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 1000px) {
    .nav-left {
        /* display: none; */
        width: 0%;
    }

    .nav-center {
        width: 50%;
    }

    .manuscript-link {
        width: 28%;
        text-align: center;
        font-size: 14px;
    }
}

/* Desktop-only: make GUIDELINES dropdown a wide two-column panel with scroll for long lists */
@media (min-width: 801px) {
    .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu {
        display: none; /* shown only when parent has .active-dropdown */
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%;
        left: 50%;
        transform: translateX(-20%);
        background-color: #fff;
        min-width: 640px;
        max-width: 95vw;
        max-height: 70vh;
        overflow-y: auto;
        box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
        padding: 18px;
        border-radius: 6px;
        border-top: 3px solid #303360;
        z-index: 1500;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .dropdown.active-dropdown .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu {
        display: grid;
    }

    .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu .guidelines-col { padding: 0 8px; }

    /* Ensure inner lists stack vertically (override nav ul rules) */
    .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu ul { display: block !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu li { width: auto; border-bottom: none; }

    .dropdown-menu.guidelines-menu li a { color: #333; padding: 8px 10px; }
}

/* Strong global override for ISSN hover: scale-only (no background/shadow/translation) */
/* Uses high specificity and !important to override inline template <style> blocks. */
.issn-text a span,
header .issn-text a span,
.desktop-issn .issn-text a span,
.mobile-issn .issn-text a span {
    display: inline-block !important;
    transition: transform .14s cubic-bezier(.2,.9,.2,1) !important;
    will-change: transform !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    background: transparent !important;
    transform: none !important;
}
.issn-text a:hover span,
.issn-text a span:hover,
header .issn-text a:hover span,
header .issn-text a span:hover {
    transform: scale(1.06) !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    background: transparent !important;
}