Abstract

This study addressed the inefficiencies in Solid Waste Management (SWM) and disposal scheduling in Calabar Metropolis, driven by rapid urbanization and increasing waste generation. The current system suffers from irregular waste collection, high operational costs, inadequate landfill capacity, and environmental degradation. This research proposed a solution through the development of a more efficient SWM system, integrating nine new landfill sites strategically located across the city and optimizing waste collection schedule. A mixed-methods approach was used, collecting primary data through surveys, interviews with key stakeholders, and field observations, along with secondary data from municipal records. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) model were applied to develop an optimized scheduling system aimed at reducing travel distances, minimizing fuel consumption, and increasing collection frequency in high-waste generation zones. The results of the study demonstrate significant improvements in the efficiency of waste collection. The optimized system reduced travel distances by 25%, resulting in lower fuel consumption and maintenance costs. Waste collection frequency increased in high- density areas, while overall operational costs were reduced by 20-25%. Additionally, the establishment of new landfill sites alleviates pressure on the existing site and incorporates environmental protection features such as leachate management and methane gas recovery, mitigating environmental risks. This research focused on the role of dynamic scheduling, technological integration, and public participation in achieving efficient waste management. The proposed system not only addresses immediate operational challenges but also provides long-term sustainability for Calabar’s waste management framework. Future studies could explore the integration of waste-to-energy technologies to further enhance the system's sustainability.